Volume 19 No. 1. 15, March 2023.

Academic life for students was filled with stress and strain. Physical activity, on the other hand, may help people manage their stress levels. Sports students, as all known, are physically active. However, many factors influence perceived academic stress, such as body weight, the semester in question, and gender. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence perceived academic stress among sports students during online learning. 217 sports students (84=male, 133=female) are involved. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) – Long Form questionnaire was measured students’ level of physical activity participation and the Perception of Academic Stress Scale (PASS) questionnaire used to measure academic stress. Other’s variables are measured in demographic profiles. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression to investigate the factors that influence perceived academic stress among sports students during online learning. From the study, 77.40% (n=168) of the students were highly involved in physical activity and the students agreed the perceived academic stress was high for the workload given during online learning, following pressure of perform, academic self-perception and time restraints. The results of the regression indicated the predictor explained 2.6% of the variance (F (1, 215) = 5.73, p=0.018, with an R2 of 0.026). It was found that stay during online learning significantly predicted perceived academic stress (β = .16, p<.001), as did agreeableness (β = -.36, p>=0.018). In conclusion, the data imply that, while many factors influence perceived academic stress, the results in this study were non-significant. Only stay during online learning yielded significant results out of the five parameters indicated.

Keywords: perceived academic stress, physical activity, sports’ students 

Despite the known contribution of sports events to cities, especially affected by COVID-19 pandemic, residents hold different attitudes to this, for some citizens, sports events continue to play a vital role in cities sustainable development and may contribute to improved life condition and infrastructure in cities, but others do not think so. Although the benefits of sports events are commonly reported, the reasons why some cities and citizens willing to hold sports events are not well understood. This systematic review aimed to identify studies from the literature that the importance of sport mega-events in cities sustainable development synthesize and discuss the reasons for willing to hold sports events reported in the literature. Searches of the e-journal databases including Science Direct, Sport Discus, Scopus, Social Science Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index were performed. Studies were included that evaluated importance of sports events in cities sustainable development and residents’ attitudes because this is the key point to promote sports events development. The studies included in this review used qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods designs, were peer reviewed, and were published in the English language before the search date. Results: There are 2036 studies identified and after exclusions 30 studies were included in the review (9 qualitative, 10 quantitative, and 11 mixed methods). The review presents several features and findings from the studies, including a description and systematization the role of sports megaevents for cities sustainable development and the main reasons that cities and citizens willing to hold sports events (e.g. increasing job chances, improving the visibility of the city, and taking advantage of opportunities to develop economy). The finding suggest that sports events are an integral part of sustainable development of the city, and sports mega-events were identified as contributing to the city development. Cities and citizens can benefit from various sports events with regard to their development. Sports events play an important role in the sustainable development of cities, and contribute to the political, economic and cultural development of the city. The development of sports events and strategies to promote sustainable urban development should focus on these aspects after COVID-19.

Keywords: Sports events, Sustainable development, Epidemic, City, Factors. 

The greatest challenge for educators during the pandemic Covid 19 situation today is to motivate their students to adopt e-learning. Therefore, it is important for lecturers in higher institutions to understand how to motivate their learners in choosing the types of motivation. Motivation refers to the concern with arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour towards the achievement of a specific goal, which classified into intrinsic and extrinsic. The objective of this study is to explore the types of motivation in adopting e-learning among the student-athletes of Sport Science and Recreation Faculty at University Technology MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. One hundred and twenty student t- athletes participated in this study. They were categorized into four ranking known as national, state, district and university based on their achievement in sports. The overall result showed that the student-athletes have the highest level of motivation in External Regulation (mean= 27.51), followed by Introjected Regulation (mean= 25.74), Identified Regulation (mean= 22.32), Amotivation (mean= 20.34), Intrinsic Motivation to Experience (mean= 17.17), Intrinsic Motivation to Know (mean= 15.31) and Intrinsic Motivation to Accomplish (mean= 12.55). Furthermore, national level athletes scored higher mean in both types of e-learning motivation except for Amotivation. In contrast, university ranking studentathletes scored the lowest on all the types of motivations for e-learning but highest in Amotivation. The findings obtained in this study supported by Self-Determination theory that e-learning involves the interaction of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Therefore, educators should use intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation to enhance the e learning habits among student-athletes to increase their performance in academic. Keywords: E-Learning, motivation, student-athletes, educators  

Cardiac arrest is an escalating public health problem as it contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, accounting for almost 15–20% of all deaths. Cardiac arrest may also occur among active individuals, such as during sports activities. Hence, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is crucial and proven to prevent cardiac death when correctly performed. Precise CPR techniques do improve a patient’s prognosis and reduces complications. This study aimed to determine CPR knowledge among medical students in our medical faculty. This was a cross-sectional study involving 106 students in year 1, 2 and 5, with a response rate of 76.8%. A structured questionnaire was distributed among the students and included sociodemographic data collection and questions on CPR knowledge based on the CPR teaching module. More than half the students were male (58.5%) with a mean age of 21.6 (±1.71) years. The students' ethnicity comprised Malay (62.3%), Indian (26.4%) and Chinese (11.3%). The student subject proportions were 32.1% from year 1, 34.9% from year 2 and 33.0% from year 5. A majority were cadet students (71.7%). The preferred study method was self-study followed by study group. More than quarter of them used YouTube videos to improve their understanding, and only 5.7% used e-learning. As for CPR knowledge, 89.9% of the students passed the CPR assessment. Female students (p=0.04) and Year 5 students (p=0.006) were significantly associated with good CPR performance. Medical students be updated current CPR knowledge as CPR techniques evolve. The faculty needs to be proactive in delivering effective teaching methods and tools to improve CPR knowledge among our medical students to prepare them for future job practice.

Keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Cardiac arrest, Knowledge, Techniques, Effective teaching 

Problems in college faced by students can cause stress. Ramadan fasting is beneficial for physical, psychic, and emotional health, among which it can reduce stress. This study aimed to understand the effect of Ramadan fasting on stress of preclinical medical students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The design of this study was prospective cohort analytic with a cross-sectional approach with a one group pre-test and post-test design. The consecutive sampling method was used for 242 respondents. To collect the data, the DASS-42 questionnaires are used. The Wilcoxon test were used to analyse the data. We found that 52 (21.5%) were experiencing stress while 190 (78.5%) were normal. The findings revealed that the stress scores fell during the pre-to post-Ramadan period for all subjects (p=0.000) either stress (p=0.000) or normal students (p=0.000). Based on the results, we found that Ramadan fasting can affect the stress scores of preclinical medical students in both normal and stressful students.

Keywords: stress, Ramadan fasting, preclinical medical students.

Prosocial and antisocial behaviour have been utilized in sports exploration to allude proactive and inhibitive profound quality, whilst, individually with low degrees of antisocial behaviour reflecting inhibitive ethical quality. A wide range of coaching conduct affects the behavioural results of athletes. Athletes usually endorse sporting behaviour when coaches generate a mastery climate that accentuates learning, effort and enhancement as keys to success. Contrary to a performance climate that emphasises outperforming others and winning. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to examine the past literature about the roles of the coach’s behaviour in affecting the prosocial and antisocial behaviour in athletes. This study carried out an extensive online assessment of the data source (Scopus and Web of Science) and a conference scheduled of possibly related papers. The search methods were restricted to studies published in English with full-text availability. A total of 39 studies were chosen from 58 total records. However, a few studies accepted for the review, of which two were selected in qualitative synthesis and thirteen studies selected in the quantitative synthesis. In these two published types of research, we filter out the data (Scopus and Web of Science). As a result, a sample of 15 dissertations and theses selected for systematic quality analysis. The findings systematically evaluate cross-sectional observation-based studies the coach-athlete relationship may be critically significant for thoughtful athletes’ moral behavior in sport. Thus, as a result, it is vital that the coaching approach may focus on the importance of establishing a sports environment that promotes positive behaviors and enables athletes to acquire a feeling of responsibility and self-regulation.

Keywords: Prosocial behaviors, Antisocial behaviors, Coach’s behaviors, Athlete’s, Moral behavior, Self-regulation 

This study investigated the effects of 6 weeks plyometric training [PT] on leg power and strength and kicking velocity. Nineteen male soccer players (age = 19.2 + 1.3 years) were randomly assigned into control group (CG, n=9) and experimental group (EG, n=10) after pre-tests on the five measures (maximal ball velocity (MBV), squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], squat test [ST], and isokinetic leg strength.). Both groups performed similar bi-weekly soccer training program (technical, tactical, and matches) together, and EG also performed PT twice per week. Wilcoxon signed-rank test on the pre-test median scores between EG and CG showed insignificant differences in kicking speed, leg power, leg strength, and leg endurance. However, significant post-test comparison was found for leg strength (U=19.0, p=0.034) between EG and CG. In the pre and post-test comparisons, EG showed significant gains relative to CG in MBV (p < .05, d = 1.37), leg power (p < .05, d = 0.97), and leg strength (p < .05, d = 0.95) while CG only achieved significant improvement in the MBV (P < .05, d = 1.16). It concludes that adding plyometric training to regular soccer training improved leg strength in college soccer players.

Keywords: Plyometric training, maximal ball velocity, leg power, isokinetic leg strength, leg endurance

Previous studies found most soccer injuries occur during the latter stage of match-play suggesting fatigue as an important factor contributing to injuries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a high intensity, short duration soccer-specific fatigue simulation on hamstring eccentric strength among elite U19 soccer players. Twelve (n=12; age 18.3 ± 0.5 years; weight 62.3 ± 6.4 kg; height 171 ± 6.6 cm) elite U19 soccer players completed a soccerspecific fatigue simulation (SFS5 ) and isokinetic dynamometer protocol. Before exercise (time 0 min), immediately after SFS5 (time 5 min) and after 15 mins SFS5 (time 15 min), participants performed three maximal dominant limbs at 120°s-1 for eccentric hamstring muscle actions. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify significant differences between conditions and over time, with α=0.05. A significant time dependent reduction in hamstring eccentric at time 5 min (9.5%) and time 20 min (9.7%) was observed. These findings suggest eccentric training during fatigue state should be a primary consideration in injury prevention program. Our findings also recommended the inclusion of a short duration, high intensity soccer-specific fatigue simulation as part of pre-season hamstring strain injury risk screening and return to play assessment to ensure the effectiveness in identifying the markers of hamstring strain injury risk in soccer players.

Keywords: fatigue, hamstring, muscle strength, eccentric, soccer 

Gender influences blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of gender on BP and HRV during increasing intensities of isometric hand grip (IHG) exercise. Nineteen (n=19) (10 males, 9 females) participants aged 25.7±0.9 and 27.0±0.6 years (Mean± SEM), with height and weight of 173.4±3.1 cm, 72.8±3.7kg and 160.9±1.6 cm, 59.3±3.4 kg volunteered after ethical approval. BP, HRV and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured at rest. Thereafter, participants underwent 30% MVC for 2 minutes during which BP and HRV was taken with 10 minutes rest. Contractions were amplified to 35, 40, 45% MVC. One-Way ANOVA compared Mean±SEM values at 95% significance. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in females (p<0.001) than males (p<0.01); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly in both gender (p<0.001); average number of heart beats increased significantly in males (p<0.001) than females (p<0.01); significant increase in LF/HF ratio in females (p<0.01) but not in males. However, there was no significant difference in the standard deviation of N-N interval (SDNN), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), very low frequency (VLF), root mean square of standard deviation (RMSSD), total frequency power (TFP), proportion of numbers of pairs of successive intervals (Pnn50) in both genders. This study may suggest a higher sympathetic influence (following rise in SBP and LF/HF ratio) in females than males during IHG exercise. Thus, variations exist in BP and HRV during short interval, altered intensities IHG exercise in both genders.

Keywords: Gender, heart rate variability, blood pressure, isometric handgrip exercise

With the increasing demand for sophisticated and cost-effective software testing, many software industries are looking for highly skilled software testers. To meet that demand, many universities have offered software testing courses in their software engineering programs. At the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA, software testing course was offered to Bachelor of Information System Engineering students in semester 5. As part of the course assessment, students are required to conduct system tests in which they need to design, execute, and document test cases. Currently, the use of Microsoft Word and Excel Spreadsheet to document test cases and test results are not effective for test case management. The most common problems experienced by the students when using Microsoft Word to manage test cases are: 1) difficulty to ensure document consistency when various team members update the test artifacts, 2) Unable to track and monitor the test status when the test results are kept individually, and 3) improper test-requirements traceability, since separate traceability documents need to be maintained and updated throughout the development life cycle. This paper reports on the development of STeM web-based system to assist the test case management in software testing course. The STeM serves as a collaborative platform for the students to build test cases, create requirements traceability, record test cases results, monitor test case status, and produce test report. In addition, lecturer can monitor the test progress through this system too.

Keywords—software engineering program, software testing course, test case management 

Identification of performance indicators related to the status of the game (winning and losing) is needed for a tactical approach especially in improving the Malaysia Men’s Rugby Seven team. This study aims to characterize team performance indicators based on the game status of Malaysia men’s rugby sevens teams. A total of 16 matches (winning, n=8, losing, n=8) for the national team from various Asia-level tournaments from years 2018 to 2020 were collected using Sportscode performance analysis software and a notational analysis form. The performance indicators variables are extracted from the excel spreadsheet using the visual basic application of Microsoft excel before being exported to SPSS version 26 with the significant value is set at p<0.05. Based on the analysis, there is no significant difference in the winning performance and losing performance of the Malaysia Men’s Rugby Sevens Team. The finding from this research can be utilized by the coaches and practitioners in improving the rugby sevens team performance.

Keywords: Performance Analysis, Performance Indicators, Notational Analysis, Men’s rugby sevens. 

Using open and distance learning (ODL) for courses that included laboratory sessions was challenging to teach and learn during the COVID-19 era. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), also known as ESE691, is the School of Electrical Engineering elective that requires students to be present in the lab for their mini-project group assignments. During the outbreak, students were not permitted to attend the laboratory, but they were required to complete their assignments. The rapid transition from face-to-face delivery modalities to a flipped classroom will be more difficult for final-year electrical engineering students. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of students taking ESE691 in a flipped classroom environment from October 2020 to February 2021. The data was gathered using a qualitative method, and the results were analysed using SPSS. This survey had 68 participants, with 22 female students and 46 male students filling out a google form. The findings show that while using the ODL platform to create a flipped classroom for SCADA, the eight questions are critical. The implementation of the flipped classroom for the internal consistency test has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.819, which is sufficient for the questions' reliability.

Keywords—SCADA, online and distance learning, flipped classroom, questionnaire, SPSS 

Technology-enhanced online learning (tel) has been widely utilized in facilitating teaching and learning in higher academic institutions. although exhaustive studies have been done in investigating the usage and effectiveness of tel in programming education, there is still insufficiency of studies being done in utilization of tel in introductory programming specifically for low achievers who often faced with learning difficulties such as lack of motivation and interests, lack of problem-solving skills and logical thinking and the technical issues in the technologies used. therefore, this study investigates the trends of tel in introductory programming in terms of its pedagogical approach in addressing the difficulties faced by the low achievers and the online technologies needed to facilitate their learning through a systematic literature review study between the year 2017 till 2021. by adopting kitchenham’s methodology, a total of 20 papers have been selected from various journals and databases and we found that the trends of tel for low achievers in introductory programming comprised of six main online educational technologies, which are the web-based learning, mobile learning, multimedia learning, gamification, block-based programming and virtual reality or robot simulations. the findings from this review can be used for future research in utilizing tel in the field of programming education, especially for low achievers.

Keywords: technology-enhanced online learning, introductory programming, teaching and learning, low achievers 

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are central players in the achievement of the SDGs. As many HEIs strive to embrace sustainability as one of the university's core values and increase the visibility of the institutions globally, there is a need to explore the embedded curriculum framework of SDGs into programs and courses offered at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). This study is to determine the percentage of SDGs elements that have been incorporated into the university curriculum. The methodology used includes data collection using the university online syllabus system for the science and engineering and technology fields, namely all the engineering fields, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Engineering, and Computer Sciences, and analyzing the results for in-depth interpretation and dimension analysis. A total of 520 courses were analyzed. The results showed that three SDGs were not addressed by the curriculum. The highest percentage of courses were mapped to SDG9 (25%) followed by SDG4 (15%), SDG 11 and SDG12 at 12%. The SDGs elements were found to be highly incorporated in mechanical engineering compared to other disciplines. The finding helps the understanding of the baseline status of sustainability in the university curriculum and opportunities to improve. It is suggested that another review needs to be executed to include the three SDGs which were addressed in the current curriculum. When all SDGs are addressed, the outcomes of the curriculum will be global graduates who are knowledgeable and responsible in ensuring a harmonized and peaceful future.

Keywords: SDG-embedded curriculum, SDG-mapped courses, university curriculum 

A sports drink is a drink containing electrolytes and glucose, meanwhile coconut drink is known as a natural source of sports drink. Both drinks have the benefit of restoring energy and electrolyte, especially when ingested during strenuous physical activity that requires maximum endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sports drinks and coconut drinks in enhancing cardiovascular endurance performance among UiTM football players. A total of 24 male participants representing Universiti Teknologi MARA Football Club (UiTM FC) were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned into three groups that are isotonic drink group (IDG) (n=8), the coconut drink group (CDG) (n=8), and the control group (n=8). Cardiovascular endurance performance was determined based on bleep test results at the pre-test and post-test. The intervention was conducted by giving a different type of drink according to the assigned group. IDG received 100 plus isotonic drink, CDG received a Vita Coco drink and CG were only given plain water. After the end of the pre-test session, the participants were given 2-hour to rest, and drinks were given according to their group. After 2-hour of rest, the participants continue with the post-test. The level of VO2 max was measured by an equation based on the bleep test results. The result shows there was a significant increment in pre-post-test VO2 max level within all groups, showing improvement in the mean level of VO2 max at post-test. The mean of pre-post-test VO2 max for the three respective groups was IDG 47.53 ± 6.32 to 49.46 ± 5.88 ml/kg/min, CDG 47.01 ± 3.45 to 48.81 ± 3.29 ml/kg/min and CG 47.06 ± 3.11 to 47.91 ± 3.43 ml/kg/min. However, there was no significant difference (p=0.276) between groups and pre-post-test VO2 max level. Looking at between groups effect, there was no significant effect (p=0.900) between these three groups and their VO2 max level. In conclusion, there was a significant positive change in the participant's pre-post-test VO2 max level for all three groups across two different periods at the pre-test and post-test. This suggests ingesting drinks between exercises substantially improved football players' cardiovascular endurance performance. However, there was no significant difference in the participants' cardiovascular endurance performance between the three groups. This indicates the type of drink does not influence the cardiovascular endurance performance among these football players.

Keywords: Sports drink, coconut drink, endurance performance, football players