Volume 19 No.2    

The government of Malaysia has implemented a Movement Restriction Order (MCO) curfew on all citizens to prevent the Covid-19 pandemic from spreading. Studies have suggested that a long period of MCO will decrease overall weekly spending on energy for physical exercise in all age groups, ultimately promoting hypokinetic diseases. This study is interested in identifying the trend of physical activity behaviour changes during the Covid-19 MCO among university students. This study is also interested in comparing the mean score of physical activity level (inactive, minimum active, sufficient level) among samples. One hundred sixty-five (n=165) healthy samples age 19 to 23 years old currently enrolled as students from the Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, University Teknologi Mara (FSR) answered the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF) during the MCO period. Self-Reported Physical Activity Level has shown entirely contradicted from previous studies. 78.2% were at a sufficient level of physical activity; meanwhile, 20% were minimum, and 1.8% were reportedly inactive during the MCO period among FSR students. In addition, this study also found the differences of mean score in physical activity for sufficient level was (1438.78 SE=314.83), minimum active (-1268.65 SE=942.55), and inactive (-2707.43 SE=973.21). This study result showed that although, in restriction conditions in MCO, samples were still able to maintain their physical activity behaviour. The past physical activity practice can explain this phenomenon by these samples required throughout the lesson course, which has become a behaviour among these students.

Keywords: Covid-19, Physical activity 

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the important components among football players. Physiological characteristics of individuals such as anthropometry may influence the level of CRF. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between anthropometry and CRF among UiTM Football Players. A causal- comparative research design, consisting of 24 male participants representing Universiti Teknologi MARA Football Club (UiTM FC) were recruited. Anthropometry was measured via body weight and body height and CRF was measured using a bleep test and the result of the test was calculated to estimate maximum volume of oxygen (VO2 max). Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between anthropometry and CRF. Mean score for anthropometry was 65.17 ± 5.90 for body weight (kg) and 171.18 ± 4.66 for body height (cm). Mean score for CRF was 47.20 ± 4.34 (ml/kg/min). Results show a very weak relationship between body weight and CRF (r = 0.027). Meanwhile, there was a positive and weak relationship between body height and CRF (r = 0.265). In conclusion, evidence from this study showed no association between anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, possibly a good anthropometry characteristic possibly gives the advantage of having good cardiorespiratory fitness. Ideal body weight and height is a potential physiological characteristic in determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness. Anthropometric does have a role as part of holistic monitoring of talented players in future development. Viewing the limitations of this study, further studies involving larger sample size are needed to find actual association with this hypothesis.

Keywords: Cardiorespiratory fitness, Body weight, Body height, Football players 

Introduction: APecR was a self – health profiling program with natural physical activity which came to one APecR = 138 Kcl burnt and was registered as one measured unit or patterned (LY2019004970- 28/8/19). Method: Field experimental to justify the effectiveness of APecR as profiling tool. 21 participants voluntarily as they were from previous study with continuity another 3 cycles (3 months’ time, same year). Results: Lifestyle which was categorized as Very Active (> 12,000 steps) = 10.2%, Active (> 10,000 steps) = 43.7%, Moderate (7,500 - 9,999 steps) = 37%, Not Active (50000 – 7499 steps) = 10.0% and without Sedentary lifestyle (< 5,000 steps) after the eventual APecR. Overall mean steps and Kilocalories burnt liked: October - 12,161 steps, and burn with 3.8 APecR (524.4Kcl), November - 13,197 steps, burned with 3.5 APecR (483Kcl) and December with average steps - 12, 005, and burn up to 5.3 APecR (731.4Kcl). Sleeping pattern showed on bed time was prolong from 7 hours 6 second (October) to 7 hours and 16 minutes (December). Weight Lose and Heart Rate: October with weight 81.5Kg, BP reading Excel = 120/80 - 31%, Normal = 130/85- 35%, Normal Systolic = 140/90- 32% and Mild Hyper (2%). In December weight scale slightly dropped to 80.3Kg and blood pressure with Excel (34%), Normal (45%), Normal Systolic = 19% and Mild = 2%. Conclusion: ApecR contributed to practices, delivering fitness towrads health knowledge and post effect of APecR as unit measured and technique proven as an enhancing maintenance domain.

Keywords: Self-Health profiling, “APecR,” Effectiveness, Sleeping pattern.

The global educational system has been influenced as a result of the presence of Covid-19. Schools were driven to develop online learning programmes due of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, despite the fact that open online courses have emerged as the primary focus of education reform in the higher education sector, physical education has never been offered any attention by educational reforms which is distance learning. This is despite the fact that distance learning has been actively developed and developed by both the government and schools. New norms demand another approach. Hence, the objectives in this study are to identify if there any differences in students’ well-being, the role of lectures and the effectiveness of sport skill subject learned during online learning among UITM Puncak Alam and MSU Shah Alam students during Covid-19. This study is a quantitative study. A set of questionnaire was distributed to 304 students of UITM Puncak Alam and MSU Shah Alam who took sport skills subject during pandemic covid-19. The findings show there was no significant difference in effectiveness of sport skill subject learned through out online between UITM (M=3.3967, SD=.854) and MSU (M=3.413, SD=.717) students; t (-1.75), p =.862 >0.05. In conclusion, both students and lecturers experience difficulties when participating in online learning. Tolerance and cooperation on the part of both the lecturers and the students are essential to the success of an online learning programme. During the times when classes are held online, it is essential that students and teachers are able to communicate effectively with one another.

Keywords: Covid-19, online learning, sport skill subject.

This study aims at identifying the constructs in the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) from the perspective of Malaysian football players. To date, empirical study of factor analysis on coaching leadership style construct in a sports setting is limited. There are 330 professional football players from the Malaysian Super and Premier League who were involved in this study. Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) was used, and the exploratory factor analysis was done to obtain information on this current study. The findings showed that from 40 items that measure the five constructs of a coach's style, only 24 items had been formed. However, the five constructs remain. The extraction revealed the five constructs gave a higher eigenvalue than 1, and cumulatively contributed approximately 70.44% overall variance changes for the coach's leadership style variable. Through the rotated sums of squared loadings analysis, the five constructs predicted as much as 77.47% overall change of variance for the variable coaching leadership style are Factor 1=17.36%; Factor 2=16.09%; Factor 3=14.56%; Factor 4=11.88% and Factor 5=10.55%. 

Keywords: Coaching leadership style, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Leadership Scale for Sport 

This study investigated sports activity involvement, menstrual history, and prevalence of eating disorders among Malaysian elite female athletes. A total of 50 female national and state level athletes with a mean age of 21.16 ± 2.31 years old participated in this study. They were 6 gymnasts, 17 swimmers, 5 cyclists, 7 long distance runners, and 15 silat athletes. The participants were required to answer the sports activity involvement questionnaire, menstrual history questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). The present study found that 44 (88%) of the total participants had regular menstruation, while 6 (12%) participants had irregular menstruation. The global score of EDE-Q subscales was 1.71 (60 to 65 percentile rank) in all the participants. Comparisons of measured variables between participants with regular menstruation and irregular menstruation showed that age in years at the beginning of training was younger in participants with irregular menstruation (9.83 ± 4.07) than participants with regular menstruation (11.84 ± 3.52). The global score of EDE-Q subscales was higher in participants with irregular menstruation (2.32; 75 to 80 percentile rank) than participants with regular menstruation (1.63; 60 to 65 percentile rank). In conclusion, the results of the present study show that participants with irregular menstruation seem to have higher global score of EDE-Q subscales, i.e., restrain, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern. Irregular menstruation may be related to the young starting age of the athletes involved in training and the long total training period in years.

Keywords: sports activity involvement, menstrual, eating disorder, elite female athletes 

Anthropometry attributes are among the contributing factors needed to ensure the good performance of athletes. Anthropometry attributes can also be used as an indicator for other fitness components. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between anthropometry attributes and cardiovascular fitness among male Universiti Putra Malaysia futsal athletes. A total of 14 male university futsal athletes participated in this study. Anthropometry measurements taken in this study were height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle percentage. For cardiovascular fitness test, several tests were conducted which were the Beep test, Illinois agility test and Running Anaerobic Strength Test (RAST). The correlation test showed that weight, BMI, and body fat percentage have a negative relationship with VO2 max and a positive relationship with the fatigue index. On the other hand, skeletal muscle percentage showed a positive relationship with VO2 max. The results show that anthropometry attributes have a relationship with cardiovascular fitness, especially VO2 max. 

Keywords: anthropometry, futsal, cardiovascular fitness, fatigue index 

Poor sleep quality due to physical inactivity and excessive use of gadgets is one of the issues faced by young adults. Unfortunately, there is limited data regarding sleep quality characteristics among young adults’ population in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness among young adults in Ipoh. Total of three hundred thirty-five (N=335) young adults in Ipoh (male= 191, female= 144) age between 18-25 years old were participated in this study. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaires-Short Form (IPAQSF), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results indicated that there was no significant correlation between physical activity and sleep quality (p>0.05) or between physical activity and daytime sleepiness (p>0.05). However, a significant correlation was found between sleep quality and daytime sleepiness (p<0.05, r= -0.278). The findings demonstrated that most of the variables in this study are not interdependent to each other except between sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. Objective measurement should be considered in future studies to provide additional insight into variables information.

Keyword. Physical activity, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, young adults 

Office workers are a subgroup of employee who perform administrative clerical work in front of computers on regular basis. This group is characterized as the population that engages in less physical activity and tend to have higher level of stress. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between physical activity and stress level among office workers in a university. Physical activity level was measured with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) (7 items) and Perceived Stress Scale Questionnaire (PSS) (10 items) was the instrumentation used to measure stress level. Total of two hundred thirteen (N=213) office workers were participated in this survey. Most of the respondents report moderate physical activity (58.2 %) and moderate level of stress (70.0%). The findings of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between physical activity and stress level (p > .05). As for conclusion, physical activity and stress level were not associated and interdependent to each other. There are multiple factors that affect physical activity engagement and stress level.

Keyword. Physical activity, Stress, Office worker, IPAQ-SF, PSS 

Psychological performance is a crucial ingredient for athletes’ success in sport. In many research reviews, researchers have found that low level of self-confidence can have deteriorating effect on athletes’ performance. However, to date there has been very limited research to examine self confidence level and psychological performance according to the levels of skills, especially on track and field athletes. The main aim of the study was to compare and correlate the self-confidence and psychological performance level among track and field athletes who represent national, state, district and university level during Sport between Universities event. Data was collected from 77 student-athletes, using Self Confidence and Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI). The results showed that national level athletes obtained the highest score on self-confidence, F (3, 77) = 15.212, and psychological sport performance F (3, 77) = 13.442. Positive correlation (r=0.007) existed between selfconfidence and psychological performance. Based on the current results, it is recommended that sport psychologists, sport counsellors and coaches in Malaysia use the findings to design appropriate training programs to help athletes acquire higher level of self-confidence to enhance athletes’ psychological performance in sports. 

Keywords: Self-confidence, Track and field, Psychological performance  

This study measured the impact of the different phases during movement control order on the quality of life among local Malaysian university students aged >18 years old. An online survey was distributed through a social media platform during the movement control order (MCO; 20 April to 12 May 2020) and conditional movement control order (CMCO; 12 to 20 May 2020). The same participants completed the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire that assessed the overall physical health, mental health, and eight domains which are physical functioning (PF), physical role functioning (RF), bodily pain (BP), general health perceptions (GH), vitality (V), social role functioning (SF), emotional role functioning (EF), and mental health (MH) in both phases. A total of 523 participants (Male = 222, female = 301) completed the survey. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there was a significant difference in participants’ quality of life between the MCO and CMCO phases. It was revealed in comparison to the CMCO phase, the participants reported lower in both health-related and mental quality of life for PF (Z = -13.79, p <.001), RF (Z = -13.59, p <.001), BP (Z = -11.64, p <.001), GH (Z = - 12.97, p <.001), V (Z = -13.15, p <.001), SF (Z = -15.19, p <.001), EF (Z = -13.71, p <.001), and MH (Z = -8.47, p <.001). In overall university students' quality of life, a better score was shown in physical health quality of life (Z = -13.98, p <.001) and mental health quality of life (Z = -13.21, p <.001) during CMCO compared to MCO phase. Variance experiences through the COVID-19 pandemic faced by university students during both phases of movement control order and conditional movement control order were noted to have an impact on their quality of life.

Keywords: Covid-19, quality of life, students, Malaysia, MCO, CMC

A good sleep quality enhances both physiological and psychological functions. Despite the importance of sleep quality, it is one of the common issues faced by the young population due to modern lifestyle. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sleep quality on cognitive function (working memory and executive function) among Ipoh young adults. A total of thirty-two (n=32) healthy male Ipoh young adults aged (21.0 ± 1.0) years old participated in this study. The sleep quality was measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI). Meanwhile, for cognitive function the N-Back task was used to measure working memory and the Wisconsin Sorting Card Test (WSCT) was used to measure executive function. The results of this study showed a significant effect of sleep quality on working memory (0- Back p = 0.011, 1-Back p = 0.001, 2 Back p = 0.008) and executive function (Category Achievement p = 0.001, Total Errors p = 0.010). These findings demonstrated sufficient evidence that sleep quality affects cognitive function (p < .05). Hence, sleep quality is associated with better cognitive function in young adults.

Keywords: Sleep Quality, Cognitive Function, Working Memory, Executive Function 

Music has been shown to reduce the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), increase motivation and enhance exercise performance. However, the effects of exercise performance and RPE with recommended tempo songs are less conclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to preferred music on aerobic endurance performance and rate perceived of exertion responses. Thirty physically active males (mean ± SD: 18.27 ± 0.45 years, body mass 21.45 ± 1.40 kg·m-2 ) were recruited for this study. In the experimental study design, participants completed two trials separated by a minimum of 72 hours. In music condition, participants listened to their own preferred music (selection song tempo range was between 121 - 131 bpm). Participants were required to complete a 2.4 km maximal effort run with RPE measured throughout the test. Time to complete 2.4 km aerobic endurance performance and RPE score were significantly lower (PRE: in music condition (11.30 min ± 1.67; 4.83 ± 1.15) compared with in no music condition (11.58 min ± 1.59; 5.43 ± 0.73). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that listening to music preference has a significant effect on running performance during 2.4 km aerobic endurance performance. The results from this study could hold important implications for the application of music and enduring aerobic endurance exercise.

Keywords: Music, Aerobic, Endurance performance, RPE, Running 

Self-talk is a psychological skill training that improves motor performance and sports skills among athletes. Previous research has indicated differences between motivational self-talk and instructional self-talk in sports performance. However, there is a lack of attention paid to the effectiveness of self-talk toward psychological barriers. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine past studies on the effect of self-talk on sports performance and to select psychological variables among athletes. Through a systematic review, we analysed the scientific production concerning the sports psychology of self-talk toward athletes. The process review was conducted by the PRISMA protocol and a search performed by using online data sources (Scopus, Web of Science, and Semantic Scholar), as well as, conference proceedings of possibly related papers. The search was limited to articles published within ten years and written in English. A total of 38 studies were analysed. Referring to a total of 38 studies (nine articles focused on the self-talk questionnaire, six articles on motivational self-talk, six articles on instructional studies, and 17 articles focused on both motivational self-talk). Based on this, only 9 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria related to sports performance and psychological effects. As a result, a sample of 9 studies was subjected to systematic quality analysis. The analysis results showed that negative self-talk decreases athletes’ performance. In addition, there is inconsistent evidence on the effect of motivational and instructional self-talk based on specific sports. Based on this review, instructional self-talk is beneficial for fine skills (freethrow basketball and penalty shoot-out), and motivational self-talk is effective for gross skill (running). Thus, it can be concluded that both motivational and instructional self-talk play an important role in enhancing motor performance.

Keywords: Psychological skill training, Motivational self-Talk, Instructional skill training, Sport Performance, Psychological variables 

Petanque is a competitive skill sport that is popular in Malaysia. Athletes often must perform in a high-pressure situation during a game. The purpose of the research is to understand the influence of the quiet eye duration on the performance outcome across different difficulties amongst the athletes. Ergoneer Dikablis (v3.55) eye-tracking system was used to collect the quiet eye duration of 8 Malaysian petanque athletes in a field setting at the National Sports Council (MSN), Keramat. The athletes were required to shoot the single ball (SB) and double ball (DB) (right ball only) across five different distances from the starting point alternately. The arrangement of a double ball is more difficult compared to a single ball. Three trials were permitted for each distance. Successful trials were recorded when the targeted ball was displaced from its original position in SB (whole ball) and in DB (ball on the right). A previous study found that athletes with higher levels of expertise and successful performance had longer QE duration. The performance outcome and the quiet eye duration were analysed for normality. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted using SPSS statistical software. From the statistical findings, it was found that irrespective of distance, there is a difference in the quiet eye between a single ball and a double ball. As p=0.846, which is greater than p=0.05, there is no significant difference between distance and quiet eye for a single ball. As p=0.865, which is greater than 0.05, there is no significant difference between the distance and quiet eye for the double ball. In conclusion, the duration of the quiet eye is influenced by the difficulty level of the ball arrangement. The performance outcome was not found to be influenced by the quiet eye.

Keywords: Eye- tracking, Quiet eye, Petanque, Malaysian 

Resistance training has numerous advantages, including increased in muscle strength, endurance, and overall health. The goal of this study was to determine and compare the effect of 6 weeks of voluntary to failure resistance training on fasting blood glucose and power strength in overweight men who took part in one session per week (1TPW) or three sessions per week (3TPW) sessions per week. Fourteen overweight men age: 29±9 years; weight: 80.7±5.9 kg; height: 169.8±5.6 cm; BMI: 27.9±1.2 kg/m2 were selected for this study. Each training session comprising nine exercises performed at 80 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM) to volitional failure. Fasting blood glucose and power strength were measured every week, beginning with the baseline. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the baseline and post-intervention outcome. The result showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose and power strength for both groups. However, the 3TPW group had a greater improvement in terms of percentage in reducing fasting blood glucose and increasing power strength on overweight men. Group 1TPW fasting blood glucose decreased by 18% while group 3TPW decreased by 55.4%. Meanwhile, group 1TPW power strength increased by 14.2% compared to group 3TPW increased by 41%. There were significant differences between 1TPW and 3TPW resistance training on fasting blood glucose and power strength. In conclusion, training 1 time per week or 3 times per week are beneficial in reducing fasting blood glucose and increasing power strength. However, training three sessions per week resulted in greater increases in muscle strength and blood glucose compared to one session per week.

Keywords: resistance training, fasting blood glucose, power strength, training frequency 

The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has resulted in the imposition of home confinement and the indefinite extension of school closures. Several countries, including Malaysia, have enacted ‘lockdowns,' which prohibit people from engaging in outside activities. During this period, it leads to severe repercussions on individuals’ eating and lifestyle behaviour. These behaviours increased the risk susceptibility to weight gain, particularly if the quantity of daily physical activity was reduced as a result of the lockdowns period. There is a need to draw attention to the pandemic's long-term impact on children's eating behaviour and physical activity. Clearly, social isolation and stay-at-home orders issued in cities around the world restrict opportunities for children to engage in physical activity. In addition, COVID-19 may aggravate the risk of a shift towards an obesity epidemic among children. It is critical to tackle children’s eating and lifestyle behaviours during COVID-19 pandemic as these are intrinsically linked to the children's cognitive development, academic performance, and disease susceptibility. The purpose of the activity was to examine the association between the scores of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C) and Body Mass Index (BMI) among selected school children in Pahang during COVID-19. A total of 100 schoolchildren (37 males and 63 females) parents with children aged between 9-12 years completed an online survey which included a set of questionnaires to measure their own level of physical activity (PAQ-C) as well as that of their children’s eating style (CEBQ) during the lockdown period. During COVID-19, schoolchildren are not engaged in physical activity, it showed that only 32 children active compared to 68 children were inactive on doing physical activity per week. Predominantly, children underweight was 39, Normal BMI was 38 children, overweight was 21 children and obesity children was 2, from this descriptive data it showed that enjoyment of food and food responsiveness are related in this study. The Pearson Analysis indicated that there were significantly associated with BMI and CEBQ (P = 0·006 to < 0·001). The physical activity scales revealed positively related to BMI (P = 0·048 to < 0·001). In conclusion, the current findings underlined the growing need for strategies in preserving children’s health and development.

Keywords: Covid19, CEBQ, Physical activity, School children, Eating behaviour 

Classroom management of Large Physical Education (PE) classes is a problem that frontline teachers are particularly concerned about. The purpose is to improve the teaching quality. This study cited 24 relevant literature. I spent 4 years teaching in 2 of the 8 schools I visited on field trips. Ten experts were sequentially interviewed to learn more about how physical education is emerging in large classes. The research results show: 1) The teacher's lax management in the classroom results in poor learning effects and weak teacher authority. 2) Teachers' weak emotional management abilities can't easily lead to students to mobilise their enthusiasm for learning. 3) Long-term marginalisation can easily cause teachers to slack off and no longer pursue personal progress. In order to better manage students on the frontline teachers, the following countermeasures are proposed: First, the card system, team leader system, and reflection system are used in classroom management. Teachers can control the quality and safety well, solve the problem of large class teaching. Second, the cultivation of students' safety awareness not only emphasises theory but also practice, allowing students to participate in management. Third, create a positive classroom environment and serve all students in the classroom. Fourth, help students understand individual differences, formulate personal training plans, and promote healthy physical and mental development.

Keywords: teaching management, large class, primary school physical education, teaching quality, physical and mental health 

Mastering diverse tennis court surfaces demands distinct skills and strategies, enhancing adaptability for players to excel. Adapting to these differences not only shapes a well-rounded player but also offers a competitive edge by aligning tactics with conditions, opponents, and situations. Through purposive sampling, the study selected the top five global tennis players based on their 2022 ATP Tour Rankings. Analyzing match videos using NacSport Basic+ across clay (N=14), grass (N=14), and hard courts (N=10), the study scrutinized shot selection. Indicators included total serves, aces, success rates in serves, forehand, backhand, and volley shots, unforced errors for each type, and double faults. On hard courts, players achieved a mean of 75.50 ± 15.967 successful serves from 123.10 ± 28.192 attempts. Forehand shots averaged 20.40 ± 9.252 winners and 15.00 ± 6.018 unforced errors. Volleys saw 5.80 ± 1.989 winners and only 1.40 ± 1.075 unforced errors, while backhand shots had more unforced errors (17.30 ± 7.134) than winners (10.30 ± 4.572). Transitioning to grass, the total serves won averaged 74.86 ± 18.068 out of 122.10 ± 30.105 attempts. Forehand shots-maintained prominence with 20.93 ± 7.290 winners and 20.07 ± 7.405 unforced errors. Volleys averaged 6.64 ± 3.608 for winners and 2.86 ± 1.099 unforced errors, with backhand shots showing more unforced errors (19.79 ± 5.508) than winners (12.00 ± 5.189). On clay, players achieved 71.93 ± 18.568 successful serves from 144.27 ± 43.645 attempts. Forehand shots averaged 20.40 ± 6.874 winners and 18.13 ± 7.745 unforced errors. Volleys saw 6.00 ± 2.449 winners and 2.07 ± 1.163 unforced errors, with backhand shots exhibiting more unforced errors (17.27 ± 5.898) than winners (10.53 ± 4.291). In essence, top players strategically adapt their style to each court’s demands, leveraging strengths to excel. This adaptability underscores their exceptional skill and versatility, solidifying their positions as elite tennis players across diverse conditions.

Keywords: Tennis, Court, Strategies, Playing Style, Performance Indicators

Elite semi-professional football showed a high incidence of soft tissue injury. The positive impact of slackline training on static and dynamic balance could indicate the usefulness of slackline training in injury prevention. The study aimed to compare the impact of slackline training and the FIFA 11+ exercise program on the Y-balance test to prevent soft tissue injuries in the lower limb among semi-professional football players. 30 subjects were recruited and randomly divided into 2 groups [Group A & Group B]. The Y-balance test score was assessed for all participants. Group A followed a supervised slackline training program, and Group B was involved in the FIFA 11+ exercise program. For both groups, the frequency of training was 3 days per week for eight weeks. On statistical analysis, the post-test values showed that the pvalue of YBT AT, YBT PL, YBT PM scores between the 2 groups are < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001 respectively. Though both groups showed improvement in Y-balance test scores, Group A showed significant improvement over Group B subjects. In conclusion, slackline training is a better method to improve dynamic balance and thereby prevent injuries than the FIFA 11+ exercise program.

Keywords: slackline training, FIFA 11+ exercise program, balance test, soft tissue injury, semi-professional football player